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' ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ' * Heraclitus. 'One Begins With Logic' has always been the author's translation.*

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Facts And Logic (page/file ...org/factsand.htm  Last revised October 10, 2003)

The image below is from a series of weekly issues (circa early 1950's) covering elements of 'The Bible', as handed down to mankind, in the forms of 'the Old & New Testaments'. The author first heard of and got to know of the translation of the 'Old Testament' to Greek when he set about searching for anything that his local library could provide to a young inquisitive man. The content of the page reproduced below is presented below it, in HTML text which makes for the use of links to and from the text, thereby facilitating better understanding and grasp of the elements and the realities disclosed. Any person, with some common sense, should be able to use the 'indisputable facts stated and accepted, for over 2000 years, simply as 'the known factors'. The very factors lead to some really startling possibilities that cannot be far from the truth, in any event.

The text of this document / page is reproduced below in HTML.

by SIR FREDERIC G. KENYON, G.B.E., L.L.D., F.B.A., P.S.A.

President of British School of Archaeology at Jerusalem;

Author of "The Story of the Bible", "The Text of the

Greek Bible", "The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri", etc.

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IF the study of the Bible is to rest on a secure foundation the student must be satisfied with regard to its origin and its history. He must know when and how the several books composing what we know collectively as the Bible were written, and how we come to possess them. He must be able to answer the questions: "How do you know that these books are authentic, and that we have them substantially in the form in winch their authors wrote them, without being corrupted either deliberately or by accident?" and "What is the evidence on which our knowledge of the text of the Bible rests?". The origins and authorship of the several books will be dealt with in other chapters. The present chapter will try to explain how they have come down to us, and to show that beyond all reasonable doubt we possess them in substantial integrity.

The Bible known to all of us, and the only Bible known to most of us, is the English Bible. But we all know that English was not the language in which it was written. Broadly speaking, we know that the Old Testament books (except a few of the Apocrypha) were written in Hebrew and the New Testament books in Greek. What the student needs to know therefore, is how these Hebrew and Greek texts have been handed down to us, whether they have reached us in authentic shape, and how they have been translated into English.

Bibles from the pens of Scribes

THE fundamental fact that has to be borne in mind, because it is at the root of the whole of this inquiry, is that before the innovation of printing in the middle of the fifteenth century, every copy of every book had to be written by hand. Not Only, therefore, was there no security that copies would be identical as there is when a whole edition is printed off from the same set of plates, but, on the contrary, it was certain that no two copies would be exactly alike. Any scribe, copying a large quantity of matter, is bound to make mistakes; and from those errors of scribes, copied by subsequent scribes, or variously corrected by various editors, and also from the deliberate alterations of editors in the supposed interests of greater clearness or uniformity, come the variations which are found in all the manuscripts extant today. For periods varying in the case of the different books between 2300 and 1400 years, the text of the Bible books was transmitted by manuscripts; and it is on the manuscripts that have survived to the present day that we have to

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depend for our knowledge. It is important, therefore, to know how well we are supplied with the manuscripts, how near they come in date to the times in which the original books were written, and what opinion we can form as to their quality and trustworthiness.

First Copies of the Old Testament

To take first the Old Testament. We know, in fact, little as to the form in which these books were originally written. Modern discoveries have made it quite certain that the art of writing was known long before the age of Moses, and that the materials in use in the lands adjoining Palestine were clay tablets (especially in Mesopotamia), papyrus (especially in Egypt and probably leather. Since, in later days, the established tradition was that the books of the Law should be written on rolls of leather, it is likely that this was the material chiefly in use in Palestine from the times of the kings and the prophets. From the third century B.C. (and perhaps earlier) papyrus, manufactured in Egypt, became the common material for writing, and this was no doubt the material used for the translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek known as the Septuagint, or version of the Seventy which was made in the that century and in that country; and papyrus continued in common use until in the fourth century of our era, it was superseded by vellum or parchment.

NOW of these early copies of the Old Testament books, not one has come down to us. There is no extant Hebrew manuscript earlier than the ninth century of our era. Partly this may be due to the fact that copies were never very numerous, since the use of Hebrew was probably confined to the synagogues and a few scholars; partly to the devastation of Palestine involving the destruction of many synagogues by the Romans; but especially to the habit, which we find later well established among the Jews, of destroying an old copy when a new one had been made from it. It seems, also, that a decisive epoch in the history of the Hebrew Bible occurred soon after A.D. 100 when the official list of books accepted as canonical (to the exclusion of those which now appear in our Apocrypha) was drawn up, and an official form of the text approved. Thenceforward, the text was copied with scrupulous care and among all the Hebrew manuscripts that we possess, ranging from the ninth century to the fifteenth, the differences of reading are trivial. From all this evidence available we can affirm with confidence that there has been no change in the Hebrew text from the beginning.

Of the above statements we only need to point the reader to the last couple of sentences and in particular to the words: 'Thenceforth the text was copied with scrupulous care and among the Hebrew manuscripts that we posses, ranging from the 9th century to the 15th century (AD) the differences of reading are trivial........ we can affirm with confidence..... there has been no change in the Hebrew text from the beginning.

The reader must never loose sight of the fact that there exists a 1200 years gap between the translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek and as we are assured that the asserted and proclaimed Holy Scriptures are as originally intended by the keepers of the Law as dictated by God to his chosen ones, we the serfs have but to use Heraclitus' principle of USING LOGIC TO ARRIVE AT CONCLUSIONS BORN OUT OF KNOWN AND INDISPUTABLE FACTS.

The author, therefore, begins with the most startling and revealing of realities and realisation; a conclusion he arrived at before his 15th birthday and ever since never to be altered (*Link).